Toxins, Vol. 16, Pages 493: The Effects of Kernel Type (Inshell, Shelled and Split Almonds) on the Growth and Aflatoxin Production of A. flavus Under Different Combinations of Water Activity and Temperature

Toxins, Vol. 16, Pages 493: The Effects of Kernel Type (Inshell, Shelled and Split Almonds) on the Growth and Aflatoxin Production of A. flavus Under Different Combinations of Water Activity and Temperature

Toxins doi: 10.3390/toxins16110493

Authors: Barbara Szonyi Guangwei Huang Tim Birmingham Dawit Gizachew

Almonds are susceptible to infestation by Aspergillus flavus, an aflatoxin-producing fungus. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of kernel type (inshell, shelled and split almonds) on the ability of A. flavus to grow and produce aflatoxins at different combinations of temperature (20, 27 and 35 °C), water activity (0.85, 0.92, 0.95 and 0.98 aw) and incubation period (10, 20 and 30 days). There was no fungal growth at 0.85 aw on any of the kernel types. At 0.92 aw, only the split kernels supported growth and aflatoxin synthesis. The fungus was able to grow and produce aflatoxins on all three kernels at 0.95–0.98 aw and 20–35 °C. At 0.98 aw, high total aflatoxin concentrations (>300 µg/kg) were found on the shelled and split kernels at all temperatures. On the inshell nuts, the fungus produced up to 372 µg/kg of total aflatoxins at 0.98 aw and 27 °C. Regression analysis showed that significantly higher levels of aflatoxins were produced at 27 °C (as compared to at 20 and 35 °C) on shelled and split almonds. Incubation time was also a significant predictor of aflatoxin accumulation. The results of this study indicated that shipping almonds below 0.85 aw and reducing storage time would significantly decrease the risk of infestation and aflatoxin production by A. flavus.